Identification and characterization of genes involved in metabolism of n5 monoene precursors to n5 anacardic acids in the trichomes of Pelargonium x hortorum.

Unusual monoenoic fatty acids (UMFA’s) and specialized metabolites called anacardic acids (AnAc) are produced in glandular trichomes of Pelargonium ´ hortorum (geranium). The UMFA’s, 16:1∆11 and 18:1∆13 are precursors for the synthesis of unsaturated AnAc 22:1n5and 24:1n5 that contribute to pest resistance in geraniums. UMFAs and their derived AnAc metabolites not only provide a useful biological marker that differentiates the biosynthetic pathway for unusual mononenes from the common fatty acids (i.e. stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic) but also have industrial, medical and agricultural applications. Fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes like acyl carrier proteins (ACPs); thioesterases (TEs) and β-ketoacyl-ACP synthases (KASs) are required for common fatty acid as well as the UMFA biosynthesis. Based on this, it is hypothesized that the specific isoforms of the fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes are highly expressed in trichomes and are involved specifically in metabolic channeling of UMFAs to anacardic acid synthesis within trichomes of geranium. This hypothesis is based on the knowledge that there is a novel Δ9 myristoyl-ACP desaturase (MAD) that directs acyl-ACP into UMFA biosynthesis and the products of MAD are correlated with the dominant congeners of AnAc (22:1n5 and 24:1n5). Transcription of MAD as well as production of 16:1∆11 and 18:1∆13 and AnAc 22:1n5 and AnAc 24:1n5 has been found to be highly trichome specific. This dissertation reports the identification of the complete nucleotide and protein sequences of genes for 2 ACPs, 3 FAT-As, 3 FAT-Bs, 4 KAS Is, 1 KAS II and 1 KAS III from a geranium EST database. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to analyze tissue-specific expression patterns of the target genes, which indicated that ACP 1, ACP 2, KAS I-a/b, KAS Ic, FAT-A1, and FAT-A2 are highly expressed in trichomes. To further this research, a de novo RNA and micro-RNA transcriptome was generated from trichomes and bald pedicle of geranium, which helped in identification of several genetic components involved in UMFA synthesis. Bioinformatics analysis of RNA-transcriptome along with qRT-PCR and biochemical assays (HPLC and GC) were used to correlate the effect of temperature (18°C, 23°C and 28°C) on gene expression (ACPs, KASs, FAT-As) and changes in production of 16:1Δ11 and 18:1Δ13 UMFAs and 22:1n5and 24:1n5 AnAc. Results of this work show that expression of ACP 1, ACP 2, KAS I-c, KAS I-a/b were correlated with changes in UMFAs and AnAc production with temperature, thus indicating their potential role in UMFA metabolism. We also determined that 23°C is an optimal temperature for production of UMFAs and AnAcs as compared to 18°C and 28°C. To determine and verify the function of ACP 1 and ACP 2, we co-expressed these genes in conjunction with a Δ9 myristoyl-ACP (MAD) desaturase in both E. coli and tobacco. E. coli assay results show that expression of ACP 2 with MAD increased the production of UMFAs significantly, thus validating the novel role of ACP 2 in UMFA production. This work, in addition to the generation of a de novo transcriptome, provides a platform for further defining UMFA metabolism within trichomes of geranium

Analisis Pengaruh Bauran Pemasaran Terhadap Kepuasan Dan Loyalitas Pelanggan Di Karita Muslim Square YOGYAKARTA

Syari'ah marketing is a business discipline strategies that directs to the process of supply, demand and value alteration from an initiator to its stakeholders based on Islamic principles. And also about customer's satisfaction which is a basic concept of marketing and success factor for organization in business as well. It could be viewed from the fact that there are many companies emphasize the importance of giving their customers high level of satisfaction. Most companies measure the satisfaction of their customer and hope the customer will loyal in choosing the company's product or service, if the customer satisfaction is high. So that it would cause the customer's loyalty to the company.This research is attempted to measure the influence of marketing mix which are consist of four aspects product, price, location or distribution and promotion to the customer's satisfaction, then their accordance to Islamic Principles and to measure the influence of customer's satisfaction to customer's loyalty in Karita Muslim Square Yogyakarta. This research is an analytic descriptive research in quantitative and qualitative uses the method of distributing questionnaire in order to gain primary data by non probability sampling technique for 100 respondents of the customer of Karita Muslim Square Yogyakarta. The result of this research shows that product and price significantly influence to the customer's satisfaction. But location or distribution gives the negative influence and doesn't significantly toward the customer's by the standardized coefficient value -0.26, while promotion gives the positive influence but doesn't significantly toward customer's satisfaction by the significant value 0.467 > á (0.05). Price is the strongest aspect which gives the influence to customer's satisfac- tion by the significance value 0,000. Meanwhile, from simple regression it was proven that customer satisfaction positively influence loyalty intentions. Those four marketing mix which were offered by Karita Muslim Square have been according to Islamic Principles as have appropriated by Al-Qur'an and Hadits teachings

Balanced Allocations and Double Hashing

Double hashing has recently found more common usage in schemes that use multiple hash functions. In double hashing, for an item $x$, one generates two hash values $f(x)$ and $g(x)$, and then uses combinations $(f(x) +k g(x)) \bmod n$ for $k=0,1,2,...$ to generate multiple hash values from the initial two. We first perform an empirical study showing that, surprisingly, the performance difference between double hashing and fully random hashing appears negligible in the standard balanced allocation paradigm, where each item is placed in the least loaded of $d$ choices, as well as several related variants. We then provide theoretical results that explain the behavior of double hashing in this context.Comment: Further updated, small improvements/typos fixe

Prospective study of ovarian function in hysterectomised females

Background: Hysterectomy is one of the most common operations performed in the world. The aim of this study was to determine prospectively the influence of hysterectomy on ovarian function by measuring gonadotrophin levels and studying ovarian doppler over a two-year period.Methods: Authors conducted a prospective cohort study at the department of obstetrics and gynecology in study tertiary care center. The study was carried out over a period of two years November 2012-November 2014. Serum FSH, ovarian PI and questionnaire data were obtained at baseline and at 6 and 12 months postoperatively.Results: There was significant difference in the mean FSH and mean PI at follow-up visits of 6 and 12 months. Patient characteristics did not contribute to the changes that were observed during the follow-up.Conclusions: Authors conclude that hysterectomy affects ovarian function by affecting blood supply (reducing blood supply). This is reflected by increased FSH levels and increased PI values on ovarian Doppler

Pathogenesis and current treatment of osteosarcoma: Perspectives for future therapies

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and young adults. The standard-of-care curative treatment for osteosarcoma utilizes doxorubicin, cisplatin, and high-dose methotrexate, a standard that has not changed in more than 40 years. The development of patient-specific therapies requires an in-depth understanding of the unique genetics and biology of the tumor. Here, we discuss the role of normal bone biology in osteosarcomagenesis, highlighting the factors that drive normal osteoblast production, as well as abnormal osteosarcoma development. We then describe the pathology and current standard of care of osteosarcoma. Given the complex heterogeneity of osteosarcoma tumors, we explore the development of novel therapeutics for osteosarcoma that encompass a series of molecular targets. This analysis of pathogenic mechanisms will shed light on promising avenues for future therapeutic research in osteosarcoma

Pengaruh Motivasi, Lingkungan Kerja Dan Nilai Sosial Terhadap Minat Mahasiswa Akuntansi Dalam Memilih Karir Sebagai Akuntan Publik

This study aimed to examine the effect of motivation, work environment and social values on accountant students interest for choosing the profession as a public accountant.The research was conducted by taking a sample of 95 people from the Faculty of Economics from Riau University, National Islamic University and Riau Islamic University, class of 2009 to 2011, sampling was based on a purposive sampling method. Data from this study are then processed using multiple regression analysis through SPSS 17 statistical applications.Results of this study indicate that the economic motivationssignificantly affect accountant students interest in career choice as a public accountant. While variable labor market motivation, work environment and social values do not significantly influence the selection of a career as public accountants by accounting students. Coefficient of determination (R2) in this study was 0.115. This suggests that the effect of the independent variable on the dependent 11.50% and the remaining 88.50% is influenced by other variables

Celah Riba Pada Perbankan Syariah Serta Konsekwensinya Terhadap Individu, Masyarakat Dan Ekonomi

Harta adalah perhiasan dunia yang diciptakan Allah untuk umat manusia. Harta merupakan sesuatu yang sering diperebutkan manusia dan bahkan cara memperolehnya pun bisa dilakukan dengan cara yang salah; seperti riba, mencuri, merampok dan ghasab. Riba adalah jenis transaksi yang diharamkan Islam karena merugikan salah satu pihak dari dua pihak yang bertransaksi. Meskipun demikian, seiring dengan perkembangan jaman transaksi ribawi di dunia perbankan dewasa ini semakin sulit dihindari, tidak terkecuali pada lembaga keuangan yang berlabelkan syariah. Berawal dari motivasi untuk menggerakkan perekonomian melalui lembaga keuangan yang Islami, masyarakat muslim justru terlena dengan transaksi-transaksi ribawi yang direkayasa supaya tidak mencolok keharamannya. Secara umum masih terdapat transaksi ribawi dalam Lembaga Keuangan Syariah yang perlu dibenahi dan dikaji lebih lanjut sehingga betul-betul terlepas dari dosa besar riba. Karena mengikuti ketetapan Allah dan RasulNya adalah bagian dari ibadah yang mutlak dan tidak dapat ditawar dengan alasan kemodernan dan permintaan pasar atau persaingan. Melagalkan riba akan memberikan dampak negatif bagi individu pelaku, kelompok masyarakat dan ekonomi suatu negara, bahkan sangat terkait dengan terkabulnya doa seorang mukmin di sisi Allah Swt. Maka melalui karya tulis ini, penulis berharap kedepannya ada tahapan lanjutan untuk perbaikan transaksi di perbankan syariah sehingga tercapai tujuan penghapusan riba yang sesungguhnya, sehingga sistem ekonomi Islam betul-betul menciptakan keharmonisan ekonomi yang berkeadilan

Isolation, characterization and comparative genomics of bacteriophage SfIV: a novel serotype converting phage from Shigella flexneri

BACKGROUND Shigella flexneri is the major cause of shigellosis in the developing countries. The O-antigen component of the lipopolysaccharide is one of the key virulence determinants required for the pathogenesis of S. flexneri. The glucosyltransferase and/or acetyltransferase genes responsible for the modification of the O-antigen are encoded by temperate serotype converting bacteriophage present in the S. flexneri genome. Several serotype converting phages have previously been isolated and characterized, however, attempts to isolate a serotype converting phage which encodes the modification genes of serotypes 4a strain have not been successful. RESULTS In this study, a novel temperate serotype converting bacteriophage SfIV was isolated. Lysogenisation of phage SfIV converted serotype Y strain to serotype 4a. Electron microscopy indicated that SfIV belongs to Myoviridae family. The 39,758 bp genome of phage SfIV encompasses 54 open reading frames (orfs). Protein level comparison of SfIV with other serotype converting phages of S. flexneri revealed that SfIV is similar to phage SfII and SfV. The comparative analysis also revealed that SfIV phage contained five proteins which were not found in any other phages of S. flexneri. These proteins were: a tail fiber assembly protein, two hypothetical proteins with no clear function, and two other unknown proteins which were encoded by orfs present on a moron, that presumably got introduced in SfIV genome from another species via a transposon. These unique proteins of SfIV may play a role in the pathogenesis of the host. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the isolation and complete genome sequence analysis of bacteriophage SfIV. The SfIV phage has a host range significantly different from the other phages of Shigella. Comparative genome analysis identified several proteins unique to SfIV, which may potentially be involved in the survival and pathogenesis of its host. These findings will further our understanding on the evolution of these phages, and will also facilitate studies on development of new phage vectors and therapeutic agents to control infections caused by S. flexneri

Correlation of diagnostic efficacy of unhealthy cervix by cytology, colposcopy and histopathology in women of rural areas

Background: The objective was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of pap smear and colposcopy and to study the socio demographic parameters of women with unhealthy cervix. Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted from August 2011 – August 2013 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Pap smear was performed by the conventional method and colposcopy was done for all 200 sexually active women who came with complaints of discharge per vagina, inter menstrual or post coital bleeding. Colposcopy results were analysed. Final correlation of pap smear and colposcopy were based on histopathology.Results: There were 200 samples that were suitable for statistical analysis. The sensitivity of colposcopy was 79.37%, specificity 81.02%, positive predictive value 65.79%, negative predictive value 89.52% respectively and accuracy was 80.5%. Pap smear had a sensitivity of 25.4%, specificity of 99.27%, positive predictive value of 94.12%, negative predictive value of 74.32%, and accuracy of 76.0% respectively.Conclusions: Pap smear had a poorer sensitivity compared to Colposcopy but a better specificity than colposcopy. Hence it may be better to utilise both tests as they complement each other in screening of premalignant lesions of cervix